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ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
From the Departments of Medical, Clinical, and Experimental Psychology (A.A., J.B.), Cardiology (F.W.B.), Microbiology (C.B.), and Neurology (M.D.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Address reprints requests to: A. Appels, PhD, Department of Medical, Clinical, and Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Email: ad.appels{at}mp.unimaas.nl
OBJECTIVE: Many patients feel exhausted or depressed before the onset of an acute coronary event, but little is known about the origin of these feelings. We tested the hypothesis that the depressive symptomatology is associated with a reactivation of latent viruses and inflammation of a coronary vessel.
METHODS: A blood sample was drawn and a biopsy sample was obtained from the coronary lesion of 15 exhausted and 15 nonexhausted patients treated with directional coronary angioplasty because of severe angina. Blood samples were analyzed to measure antibody titers against Chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus, and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-
. The biopsy sample was analyzed for the presence of IL-1ß and TNF-.
RESULTS: E-hausted/depressed patients had higher antibody titers against cytomegalovirus, higher levels of C. pneumoniae immunoglobulin G, and higher levels of IL-1ß and TNF-. No associations between the mental state of a patient and cytokine mRNA in the biopsy sample were found.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the mental state of angioplasty patients is positively associated with serological markers of inflammation. It remains to be seen whether the inflammation causes feelings of exhaustion, whether exhaustion and depression set the stage for inflammation, or whether existing feelings of exhaustion are amplified by the inflammation.
Key Words: inflammation, • depression, • exhaustion, • cytokines, • cytomegalovirus, • Chlamydia pneumoniae.
Abbreviations: ACS = acute coronary syndrome;; CMV = cytomegalovirus;; DCA = directional coronary angioplasty;; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders;; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;; Ig = immunoglobulin;; IL = interleukin;; MIVE = Maastricht Interview Vital Exhaustion;; PCR = polymerase chain reaction;; PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor;; SCID = Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV;; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.
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