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From the Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.P., P.M.) and the Institute For Healthy Aging (J.J.M., K.J.H.), Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; the VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.R.L.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; the Department of Psychiatry (K.A.M.) and Psychology (A.B.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; the Reproductive Sciences Program (A.R.M.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; the Department of Psychiatry (A.A.S.), State University of New York at Stony Brook; The Fetzer Institute (L.U.), Kalamazoo, Michigan; and Behavioral and Social Science Research Program (M.G.O.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
Address reprint requests to: Lynda H. Powell, PhD, Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St., Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612. Email: lpowell{at}rush.edu
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify physiological markers of chronic stress in middle-aged women that can be assessed simply and are thus feasible for introduction into large-scale, epidemiologic studies of aging.
METHODS: Subjects were 40 nonsmoking, premenopausal women between the ages of 42 and 52 years, 20 of whom were chronically stressed because of undergoing a divorce or separation and 20 of whom were nonstressed because of being in stable marriages. Stressed and nonstressed women were matched for age, ethnicity, and education. Hypotheses focused on morning and evening salivary cortisol, overnight urinary catecholamines, cortisol, and testosterone, and platelet catecholamines.
RESULTS: Relative to the nonstressed control subjects, the stressed women had elevated evening (9 PM) salivary cortisols, a finding that was observed on both days (mixed effects model: effect = 0.44; se = 0.14, p = .003). Support for the importance of the HPA axis was provided by the observation that the stressed women had less suppression of salivary cortisol in response to low-dose dexamethasone. Contrary to our hypothesis that stressed women would have lower overnight urinary testosterone, they had higher testosterone on day 2 (stressed = 0.76 ng/mg, nonstressed = 0.55 ng/mg; p = .04). Post hoc repeated measures analysis revealed a significant group effect over all time periods of observation (F = 5.48, p = .03, df = 1,18). Stressed women had a nonsignificant trend toward elevated platelet catecholamines. No association was found for overnight urinary catecholamines or cortisol.
CONCLUSIONS: Promising markers of marital upheaval in middle-aged women are evening salivary cortisol and urinary testosterone from a first morning void. Replication of these findings with the same and different chronic stressors and with women of older ages is needed. The low cost and minimal burden of these potential markers makes it feasible to introduce them into large-scale epidemiologic studies of health in aging women.
Key Words: cortisol, • catecholamines, • testosterone, • divorce, • chronic stress, • women’s health, • aging.
Abbreviations: HPA = hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical;; HPG = hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal;; IES = Impact of Events Scale;; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale.
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