This Article Figures Only Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by von Känel, R. Articles by Grant, I. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by von Känel, R. Articles by Grant, I. Related Collections Aging Hematology Neurology Dementia Stress and Coping

Association of Negative Life Event Stress With Coagulation Activity in Elderly Alzheimer Caregivers

From the Department of Psychiatry (R.v.W., J.E.D., T.L.P., I.G.), University of California, San Diego; and the San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (T.L.P., I.G.), La Jolla, California.

Address reprint requests to: Igor Grant, MD, Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0680. Email igrant{at}ucsd.edu

OBJECTIVE: Part of the excess coronary disease rate and overall mortality reported with caregiving stress could relate to a hypercoagulable state. Physiological responses to the chronic distress of caregiving may involve hyperactive sympathetic nervous system responses to superimposed stressors. We wondered whether negative life stress might affect hemostatic function in caregivers.

METHODS: The three procoagulant measures thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), fibrin D-dimer (DD), and von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen were assessed in 54 spousal Alzheimer caregivers (mean age, 73 ± 6 years). Subjects completed a semistructured interview (Psychiatric Epidemiologic Research Interview, PERI) that assessed for non–caregiving-related life stress (ie, number of negative life events) over the 4-week period before blood sampling.

RESULTS: Caregivers reported an average of 2.6 negative life events (range, 0–6). The number of negative life events showed a direct association with plasma DD levels (p = .010). In multiple regression analyses, body mass index (BMI) and life stress were the only significant predictors of DD. Together, BMI, hypertension status, gender, and depression accounted for 23% of the variance in DD (p = .022). After these variables had been controlled for, life stress explained an additional 9% (p = .021) of the variance in DD. On the other hand, the number of life-events did not significantly predict TAT or vWF.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that superimposed life stress on top of the chronic stress of Alzheimer caregiving may elicit a hypercoagulable state that could contribute to coronary disease and to increased overall mortality in this population.

Key Words: psychological stress • life events • Alzheimer caregivers • hypercoagulable state • D-dimer • cardiovascular disease.

Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; CAD = coronary artery disease; DD = fibrin D-dimer; Ham-D = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; TAT = thrombin-antithrombin III complex; vWF = von Willebrand factor.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				G. M. Peavy, D. P. Salmon, M. W. Jacobson, A. Hervey, A. C. Gamst, T. Wolfson, T. L. Patterson, S. Goldman, P. J. Mills, S. Khandrika, et al. Effects of Chronic Stress on Memory Decline in Cognitively Normal and Mildly Impaired Older Adults Am J Psychiatry, December 1, 2009; 166(12): 1384 - 1391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. W. Hopkins, L. A. Kilik, D. J. A. Day, L. Bradford, and C. P. Rows The Kingston Standardized Behavioural Assessment. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, October 1, 2006; 21(5): 339 - 346. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. Pinquart and S. Sorensen Gender Differences in Caregiver Stressors, Social Resources, and Health: An Updated Meta-Analysis J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, January 1, 2006; 61(1): P33 - P45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Aschbacher, T. L. Patterson, R. von Kanel, J. E. Dimsdale, P. J. Mills, K. A. Adler, S. Ancoli-Israel, and I. Grant Coping Processes and Hemostatic Reactivity to Acute Stress in Dementia Caregivers Psychosom Med, November 1, 2005; 67(6): 964 - 971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. H. Brummett, I. C. Siegler, W. M. Rohe, J. C. Barefoot, P. P. Vitaliano, R. S. Surwit, M. N. Feinglos, and R. B. Williams Neighborhood Characteristics Moderate Effects of Caregiving on Glucose Functioning Psychosom Med, September 1, 2005; 67(5): 752 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. T. Mausbach, J. E. Dimsdale, M. G. Ziegler, P. J. Mills, S. Ancoli-Israel, T. L. Patterson, and I. Grant Depressive Symptoms Predict Norepinephrine Response to a Psychological Stressor Task in Alzheimer's Caregivers Psychosom Med, July 1, 2005; 67(4): 638 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]