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From the Georgia Institute for Prevention of Human Diseases and Accidents (V.A.B., H.C.D., F.A.T.), Department of Pediatrics (V.A.B., F.A.T.), and Department of Psychiatry (F.A.T.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA; and Tutt Middle School, Augusta, Georgia (J.B.M.).
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Frank A. Treiber, Ph.D., Georgia Prevention Institute, Bldg. HS1640, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912. E-mail: ftreiber{at}mail.mcg.edu
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a meditation program on resting and ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in youth.
METHODS: Data from 73 middle school students (age 12.3 ± 0.6 years) randomly assigned by classroom to either meditation (N = 34) or health education control (N = 39) groups were analyzed. The meditation groups engaged in 10-minute sessions at school and at home after school each day for 3 months. Resting (seated) systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate measurements were obtained pretest and posttest on three consecutive school days using Dinamap 1846SX monitors. Ambulatory systolic blood pressure, ambulatory diastolic blood pressure, and ambulatory heart rate were recorded over 24-hour periods at pretest and posttest every 20 minutes during self-reported normal waking hours and every 30 minutes during self-reported normal sleep hours using Spacelabs 90207 monitors.
RESULTS: Significant (p < .05) differences in average change from pretest to posttest were found between the meditation and health eduction control groups for resting systolic blood pressure (–2.7 vs. 1.1 mm Hg), daytime ambulatory systolic blood pressure after school (–2.0 vs. 3.6 mm Hg), daytime ambulatory diastolic blood pressure after school (0.1 vs. 4.3 mm Hg), and daytime ambulatory heart rate after school (–5.3 vs. 0.3 bpm).
CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the potential beneficial impact of meditation on blood pressure and heart rate in the natural environment in healthy normotensive youth.
Key Words: youth, • blood pressure monitoring, • ambulatory, • meditation, • clinical trial.
Abbreviations: AA = African American;; ABP = ambulatory BP;; ANOVA = analysis of variance;; BP = blood pressure;; bpm = beats per minute;; CA = Caucasian;; CTL = health education control;; CVD = cardiovascular disease;; DBP = diastolic blood pressure;; EH = essential hypertension;; HR = heart rate;; HPA = hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical;; MANOVA = multivariate analysis of variance;; MED = meditation;; MBSR = Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction;; PMR = progressive muscle relaxation;; SBP = systolic blood pressure;; SNS = sympathetic nervous system;; TM = Transcendental MeditationTM.
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