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From the Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center (J.M.M.), Brown Medical School and the Miriam Hospital; Department of Psychiatry and School of Nursing (N.F.-S.), McGill University; the Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute; the Department of Psychiatry University of Montreal; and the Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Medicine (M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal and the Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute; Montreal Heart Institute (P.T.) and the University of Montreal; Department of Medicine (G.A.R.), University of Montreal and the Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Q.L.D.), McGill University; and Department of Psychiatry (F.L.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Jeanne M. McCaffery, PhD, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903. E-mail: Jeanne_McCaffery{at}brown.edu
Objective: Although it is well established that depressive symptoms are associated with recurrent cardiac events among cardiac patients and novel cardiac events among participants with no known coronary artery disease (CAD), the nature of this association remains unclear. In this regard, little attention has been paid to the possibility that common genetic vulnerability contributes to both depressive symptoms and CAD. In this paper, we review the existing evidence for common genetic contributions to depression and CAD, primarily using evidence from twin and family studies, followed by a review of two major pathophysiological mechanisms thought to underlie covariation between depressive symptoms and CAD: inflammation and serotonin. We conclude with an overview of select candidate genes within these pathways.
Methods: Literature review.
Results: In twin studies, both depression and CAD appear heritable. In the only twin study to consider depression and CAD jointly, the correlation across heritabilities was 0.42, suggesting that nearly 20% of variability in depressive symptoms and CAD was attributable to common genetic factors. In addition, although it is plausible that genetic variation related to inflammation and serotonin may be associated with both depression and CAD, genetic variation related to inflammation has been primary examined in relation to CAD, whereas genetic variation in the serotonin system has been primarily examined in relation to depression.
Conclusions: It appears that the covariation of depressive symptoms and CAD may be attributable, in part, to a common genetic vulnerability. Although several pathways may be involved, genes within the inflammation and serotonin pathways may serve as good candidates for the first steps in identifying genetic variation important for depression, CAD or both.
Key Words: coronary artery disease • depression • genetics • twins
Abbreviations: CAD = coronary artery disease; MI = myocardial infarction; MZ = monozygotic; DZ = dizygotic; CES-D = Centers for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; VET = Vietnam-Era Twin; LOD = log10 of odds ratio; CSF 5-HIAA = 5-hydroxyindoleatic acid in cerebrospinal fluid; CYP2A6 = cytochrome P450, subfamily IIA, polypeptide 6 gene; CHRB2 = beta2 nicotine receptor subunit gene; DRD4 = dopamine D4 receptor gene; AVP1B = arginine vasopressin receptor 1b gene; FACL4 = long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase Type 4 gene; MEF2A = myocyte-enhancing factor 2A; IL-6 = interleukin 6; TNF-
= tumor necrosis factor-; ICAM-1 = intercellular adhesion molecule-1; CRP = c-reactive protein; IL-1ß = interleukin 1ß; V-CAM-1 = vascular adhesion molecule 1; 5-HT = serotonin; TPH = tryptophan hydroxylase; 5-HTT = serotonin transporter; MPO = myeloperoxydase; A = adenine nucleic acid; C = cytosine nucleic acid; G = guanine nucleic acid; T = thymine nucleic acid; mRNA = messenger ribonucleic acid; IL-1B, TNFA, MPO, IL-6, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, 5-HTT, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, TPH1, TPH2 = genes coding for these proteins, respectively, s allele "short," or deletion, allele at the common variation in 5-HTT, l allele "long," or insertion, allele at the common variation in 5-HTT; SELE = E-selectin gene; SELP = P-selectin gene.
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