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From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.A.B., M.A.B., P.M.D., L.W., B.H., K.B., S.H., A.L.B., A.S.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.E.C.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and Department of Medicine (A.H.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to James Blumenthal, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 3119, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 7710. E-mail: Blume003{at}mc.duke.edu
Objective: To assess whether patients receiving aerobic exercise training performed either at home or in a supervised group setting achieve reductions in depression comparable to standard antidepressant medication (sertraline) and greater reductions in depression compared to placebo controls.
Methods: Between October 2000 and November 2005, we performed a prospective, randomized controlled trial (SMILE study) with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment in a tertiary care teaching hospital. A total of 202 adults (153 women; 49 men) diagnosed with major depression were assigned randomly to one of four conditions: supervised exercise in a group setting; home-based exercise; antidepressant medication (sertraline, 50–200 mg daily); or placebo pill for 16 weeks. Patients underwent the structured clinical interview for depression and completed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D).
Results: After 4 months of treatment, 41% of the participants achieved remission, defined as no longer meeting the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) and a HAM-D score of <8. Patients receiving active treatments tended to have higher remission rates than the placebo controls: supervised exercise = 45%; home-based exercise = 40%; medication = 47%; placebo = 31% (p = .057). All treatment groups had lower HAM-D scores after treatment; scores for the active treatment groups were not significantly different from the placebo group (p = .23).
Conclusions: The efficacy of exercise in patients seems generally comparable with patients receiving antidepressant medication and both tend to be better than the placebo in patients with MDD. Placebo response rates were high, suggesting that a considerable portion of the therapeutic response is determined by patient expectations, ongoing symptom monitoring, attention, and other nonspecific factors.
Key Words: depression • exercise • antidepressant medication • selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Abbreviations: BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; CI = confidence interval; HAM-D = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; ITT = intention-to-treat; MDD = major depressive disorder; SD = standard deviation; SSRIs = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone.
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