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Stress Management Intervention Reduces Serum Cortisol and Increases Relaxation During Treatment for Nonmetastatic Breast Cancer

From the Department of Psychology (K.M.P., M.M.L., C.S.C.), University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida; Department of Psychology and Sylvester Cancer Center (M.H.A.), Miami, Florida; School of Medicine and Sylvester Cancer Center (S.C.L., B.B.B., E.A., S.G.), Miami, Florida; and Private Practice in South Miami, Florida (R.D.).

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Michael H. Antoni, Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce DeLeon Boulevard, Room 413, Coral Gables, FL 33124. E-mail: Mantoni{at}miami.edu

Objective: To examine the effects of a cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) intervention, which was composed of relaxation, cognitive restructuring, and coping skills training on late afternoon serum cortisol and relaxation indicators in women who were undergoing treatment for nonmetastatic breast cancer.

Methods: Participants (N = 128) were randomly assigned to receive a 10-week CBSM group intervention or a 1-day psychoeducation seminar. Serum cortisol was collected and ability to relax was assessed at study entry and again at 6- and 12-month follow-up visits. Data were analyzed using latent growth curve modeling.

Results: There was a significant effect of study condition on change across time for both cortisol and perceived ability to relax. Women receiving CBSM had significantly greater reductions in cortisol levels across the 12 months compared with those in the control group, who had no appreciable decline. Women receiving CBSM reported greater increases in ability to relax than controls across time. Perceived ability to relax did not mediate CBSM-related reductions in cortisol.

Conclusions: Women who participate in a 10-week CBSM intervention during treatment for breast cancer show decreases in physiological stress in parallel with increases in perceived relaxation skills. This is the first study demonstrating well-maintained reductions in cortisol after a CBSM intervention in cancer patients during and just after treatment.

Key Words: breast cancer • cortisol • relaxation • stress management

Abbreviations: CBSM = cognitive-behavioral stress management; MOCS = Measure of Current Status; MOCSrelax = relaxation subscale of the MOCS; LGM = latent growth curve modeling; HPA = hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal.