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Conditioned Pharmacotherapeutic Effects: A Preliminary Study

From the Departments of Psychiatry (R.A., J.W.) and Dermatology (M.G.M., D.J.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; and the Department of Dermatology (M.D., V.O., D.F.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and the Department of Dermatology (A.B.K.), Harvard University Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Robert Ader, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642. E-mail: Robert_Ader{at}urmc.rochester.edu

Objective: To test the hypothesize that psoriasis patients treated under a partial schedule of pharmacologic (corticosteroid) reinforcement would show less severe symptoms and relapse than those given the same amount of drug under standard conditions. Behavioral conditioning as an inherent component of many pharmacotherapeutic protocols has never been examined.

Methods: A double-blind, simple randomization intervention was conducted with 46 patients from California and New York. Initially, lesions were treated with 0.1% acetonide triamcinolone under standard treatment conditions. Thereafter, a Standard Therapy group continued on continuous reinforcement (active drug every treatment) with 100% of the initial dose; Partial Reinforcement patients received a full dose 25% to 50% of the time and placebo medication other times; Dose Control patients received continuous reinforcement with 25% to 50% of the initial dose.

Results: Severity of disease scores in California neither supported nor refuted the hypothesis. In New York, where there was no difference between Partial Reinforcement and Dose Control groups at baseline, partial reinforcement effected a greater reduction in lesion severity than Dose Control conditions and did not differ from Standard Therapy patients receiving two to four times more drug. For the entire population, the frequency of relapse under partial reinforcement (26.7%) was lower than in Dose Control patients (61.5%) and did not differ from full-dose treatment (22.2%).

Conclusions: A partial schedule of pharmacotherapeutic reinforcement could maintain psoriasis patients with a cumulative amount of corticosteroid that was relatively ineffective when administered under standard treatment conditions. Conceivably, corticosteroid administration only one quarter or half as frequently as currently prescribed is sufficient to treat psoriasis. We posit, however, that these preliminary observations implicate conditioning processes in—and for the design of—regimens of pharmacotherapy.

Key Words: conditioning • partial reinforcement • pharmacotherapy • psoriasis

Abbreviations: PSS = Psoriasis Severity Scale; CS = conditioned stimulus; UCS = unconditioned stimulus.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				R. Ader, M. G. Mercurio, J. Walton, D. James, M. Davis, V. Ojha, A. B. Kimball, and D. Fiorentino THE AUTHORS REPLY Psychosom Med, June 1, 2010; 72(5): 505 - 506. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. R. Feldman PLACEBO RESPONSE? Psychosom Med, June 1, 2010; 72(5): 505 - 505. [Full Text] [PDF]