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Generalization of Acquired Somatic Symptoms in Response to Odors: A Pavlovian Perspective on Multiple Chemical Sensitivity

From the Department of Psychology (S.D., W.W., K.S., I.V.D., P.E., O.V.) and Faculty of Medicine (H.V., B.N., K.V.), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Experimental design. Boxes connected with single lines are sequential steps in the procedure; boxes connected with double lines represent randomized or semirandomized events.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Conditioning effect as a function of the odor serving as the CS+ (ammonia or niaouli) on total symptom scores in participants scoring high and low for NA. Ac = acetic acid; Bu = butyric acid; Ci = citric aroma; CS+ Am = ammonia CS+ in acquisition; CS+ Ni = niaouli CS+ in acquisition.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Generalization effect on total symptom scores for three new odors, butyric acid (Bu), acetic acid (Ac), and citric aroma (Ci), in participants scoring high and low for NA. CS+ Am = ammonia CS+ in acquisition; CS+ Ni = niaouli CS+ in acquisition.