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Toward a Causal Model of Cardiovascular Responses to Stress and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease

Amy R. Schwartz, MD, William Gerin, PhD, Karina W. Davidson, PhD, Thomas G. Pickering, MD, DPhil, Jos F. Brosschot, PhD, Julian F. Thayer, PhD, Nicholas Christenfeld, PhD and Wolfgang Linden, PhD

From Yale University School of Medicine (A.R.S.), New Haven, Connecticut; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (W.G., K.W.D., T.G.P.), New York, New York; University of Leiden (J.F.B.), Leiden, The Netherlands; National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (J.F.T.), Bethesda, Maryland; University of California, San Diego (N.C.), La Jolla, California; and University of British Columbia (W.L.), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.



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Fig. 1. Proposed models of the causal pathways between stress and CAD (a) and HTN (b).

 





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