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Socioeconomic Status and Stress-Related Biological Responses Over the Working Day

Andrew Steptoe, DPhil, Sabine Kunz-Ebrecht, PhD, Natalie Owen, PhD, Pamela J. Feldman, PhD, Gonneke Willemsen, PhD, Clemens Kirschbaum, PhD and Michael Marmot, PhD

From the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London (A.S., S.K-E., N.O., P.J.F., M.M.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Free University (G.W.), Amsterdam, Netherlands; and Institute of Experimental Psychology II, University of Düsseldorf (C.K.), Düsseldorf, Germany.



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  		Fig. 1. Mean percentage of BP readings taken when participants were standing or walking in groups with low, medium, and high average energy expenditure. Error bars are SEM.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Mean ambulatory systolic BP in the morning (07:50–11:00), midday (11:00–14:00), afternoon (14:00–17:00), and evening (17:00–22:30) periods of the working day in men and women from higher (•), intermediate ({blacksquare}), and lower ({blacktriangleup}) grades of employment. Error bars are SEM.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Mean HR in the morning (07:50–11:00), midday (11:00–14:00), afternoon (14:00–17:00), and evening (17:00–22:30) periods of the working day in men and women from higher (•), intermediate ({blacksquare}), and lower ({blacktriangleup}) grades of employment. Error bars are SEM.

 


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  		Fig. 4. Mean saliva-free cortisol sampled on waking up, 30 minutes later, and then at 2-hour intervals in men from higher (•) and lower ({blacktriangleup}) grades of employment. Error bars are SEM.

 


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  		Fig. 5. Mean saliva-free cortisol sampled on waking up, 30 minutes later, and then at 2-hour intervals in women from higher (•) and lower ({blacktriangleup}) grades of employment. Error bars are SEM.

 




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