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A Twin Study of Depression Symptoms, Hypertension, and Heart Disease in Middle-Aged Men

Jeffrey F. Scherrer, MA, Hong Xian, PhD, Kathleen K. Bucholz, PhD, Seth A. Eisen, MD, MSc, Michael J. Lyons, PhD, Jack Goldberg, PhD, Ming Tsuang, MD, PhD, DSc and William R. True, PhD, MPH

School of Public Health (J.F.S., W.R.T.), St. Louis University Health Sciences Center; Research Service (J.F.S., H.X., S.A.E., W.R.T.), St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC); Medical Service (S.A.E.), St. Louis VAMC; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Medical Sciences (H.X., S.A.E.), and Department of Psychiatry (K.K.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics (M.T.), and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston (M.J.L., M.T.); Department of Psychology (M.J.L.), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs, Vietnam Era Twin Registry/Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center and Department of Epidemiology (J.G.), University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington



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  		Fig. 1. A common pathway model for risk of lifetime depression symptoms (DEP sx), hypertension (HBP), and heart disease (HD) in 2,731 male-male twin pairs. The figure illustrates the genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and unique environmental (E) variance component estimates (95% confidence intervals) in common and specific to each phenotype. The "A" at the top of the figure indicates genetic influences common to all three phenotypes. The "A" and "E" at the bottom of the figure indicates genetic and unique environmental influences specific to each phenotype.

 




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