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Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Increases Baroreflex Gain and Peak Expiratory Flow

Paul M. Lehrer, PhD, Evgeny Vaschillo, PhD, Bronya Vaschillo, MD, Shou-En Lu, PhD, Dwain L. Eckberg, MD, Robert Edelberg, PhD, Weichung Joe Shih, PhD, Yong Lin, PhD, Tom A. Kuusela, PhD, Kari U. O. Tahvanainen, MD and Robert M. Hamer, PhD

From the Department of Psychiatry Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (P.M.L., R.E., Y.L.), Piscataway, New Jersey; UMDNJ–New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurosciences, Newark, New Jersey (E.V., B.V.); UMDNJ–School of Public Health, Division of Biometrics (S-E.L., W.J.S.); Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University (D.L.E.), Richmond, Virginia; Department of Physics, University of Turku (T.A.K.), Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Kuopio University Hospital (K.U.O.T.), Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Psychiatry University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.M.H.).



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  		Fig. 1. Recording from one participant before and during biofeedback. In this participant, biofeedback increased systolic pressure and R-R interval oscillations, decreased mean systolic pressure, and increased baroreflex gain.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Heart rate and blood pressure variability during biofeedback from a typical subject. This figure shows the typical 180° phase relationship between heart rate and blood pressure during HRV biofeedback and very high oscillation amplitudes in both measures, all at a single frequency.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Long-term physiological effects across weeks of training. Error bars represent standard deviations.

 


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  		Fig. 4. Effects of biofeedback on measures of cardiovascular variability. Error bars represent standard deviations.

 


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  		Fig. 5. Effects of biofeedback on measures of tonic physiological activity. Error bars represent standard deviations.

 




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