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Perceived Work Overload and Chronic Worrying Predict Weekend–Weekday Differences in the Cortisol Awakening Response

Wolff Schlotz, MSc, Juliane Hellhammer, MSc, Peter Schulz, PhD and Arthur A. Stone, PhD

From the University of Trier (W.S., J.H., P.S.), Germany; and Stony Brook University (A.A.S.), New York, NY.



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  		Figure 2. Cortisol measures averaged over weekend and weekdays, respectively. Bars indicate standard errors. (a) Means for female (N = 117) and male participants (N = 102), averaged over week segment. (b) Mean cortisol levels in the first hour after awakening for 3 awakening time difference groups: Low difference (N = 72), average difference (N = 73), and high difference (N = 74). (c) Cortisol courses after awakening for 3 sleep duration groups: Low difference (N = 72), average difference (N = 73), and high difference (N = 74). (d) Cortisol courses after awakening on weekend vs. weekdays (N = 219); effect is controlled for sex, time of awakening, and sleep duration (see text for details).

 


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  		Figure 3. Influence of work overload on cortisol measures after awakening, for 3 work overload groups: Low (N = 64), average (N = 83), and high (N = 72) work overload scores. (a) Mean cortisol levels in the first hour after awakening on weekend days compared with weekdays. (b) Time course of cortisol levels in the first hour after awakening on weekend vs. weekdays. Both graphs illustrate significant effects controlled for sex, time of awakening, and sleep duration (see text for details).

 


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  		Figure 4. Influence of worry on cortisol measures after awakening, for 3 worry groups: Low (N = 73), average (N = 78), and high (N = 68) worry scores. (a) Mean cortisol levels in the first hour after awakening on weekend days compared with weekdays. (b) Time course of cortisol levels in the first hour after awakening on weekend vs. weekdays. Both graphs illustrate significant effects controlled for sex, time of awakening, and sleep duration (see text for details).

 


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  		Figure 1. Observed cortisol levels after awakening on 6 consecutive days of the week (N = 160); bars indicate standard errors.

 




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