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Depressive Symptoms and Mortality Risk in a National Sample: Confounding Effects of Health Status

From the Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology and Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.A.E-R.); Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI (J.S.H., R.P.M.); and the Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (J.S.H.).

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Categorical CES-D scores and hazards ratios for all-cause mortality, adjusted for age, sex, and race: Americans’ Changing Lives Study, 1986–1994. CES-D categories are approximate quintiles based on the weighted distribution of standardized CES-D scores (mean=0.00, SD=1.0); lowest quintile (referent): –1.18 to –0.894; 2nd quintile: –0.893 to –0.521; 3rd quintile: –0.520 to +0.009; 4th quintile: +0.010 to +0.836; highest quintile: +0.8361 to +4.47. **p = 0.008.