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End-Tidal pCO2 in Blood Phobics During Viewing of Emotion- and Disease-Related Films

Thomas Ritz, PhD, Frank H. Wilhelm, PhD, Alexander L. Gerlach, DrRerNat, Antje Kullowatz, Dipl-Psych and Walton T. Roth, MD

From the Psychological Institute III, University of Hamburg, Germany (T.R., A.K.); the Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (F.H.W.); the Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (A.L.G.); and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, and the VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California (W.T.R.).



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  		Figure 1. Minimum levels of end-tidal pCO2 in patients with blood, injection, and injury phobia and nonanxious controls during emotion- and disease-related film clips for conditions viewing only and viewing with tension (error bars = standard error of mean).

 




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