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The Effects of Manipulating Expectations Through Placebo and Nocebo Administration on Gastric Tachyarrhythmia and Motion-Induced Nausea

Max E. Levine, PhD, Robert M. Stern, PhD and Kenneth L. Koch, MD

From the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.E.L., K.L.K.); The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, University Park, Pennsylvania (R.M.S.).


Figure 119
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  		Figure 1. The rotating optokinetic drum used to elicit symptoms of nausea and motion sickness in healthy participants.

 

Figure 219
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  		Figure 2. Subjective Symptoms of Motion Sickness (SSMS) scores as a function of experimental group. SSMS scores were significantly lower among Negative-Expectancy Group participants than among Positive-Expectancy and Placebo-Control Group participants (asterisk indicates p < .05; error bars represent standard errors of the means).

 

Figure 319
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  		Figure 3. Nausea ratings as a function of experimental group. Nausea ratings were significantly lower among Negative-Expectancy Group participants than among Placebo-Control Group participants (asterisk indicates p < .05; error bars represent standard errors of the means).

 

Figure 419
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  		Figure 4. Percent gastric tachyarrhythmia during drum rotation as a function of experimental group. Gastric tachyarrhythmia was significantly lower among Negative-Expectancy Group participants than among Positive-Expectancy and Placebo-Control Group participants (asterisk indicates p < .05; error bars represent standard errors of the means).

 




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