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Figure 1. Hypothesized model: multifactorial contributions of coping to HIV progression/antiprogression factors, immunopathogenesis, and HIV-1 progression. The long lines and arrows connect coping factors that have been shown in the majority of studies reviewed here to be associated with increased (solid lines) or decreased (dashed lines) HIV clinical disease progression or its indicators. The small black boxes indicate where there is preliminary evidence for biological mediators linking coping factors with HIV progression, investigated in only a few studies. PIC = proinflammatory cytokines; IL-6 = interleukin-6; TNF = tumor necrosis factor .
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