Fig. 3. Effects of mood stabilizers on signaling pathways and gene expression. ATP = adenosine triphosphate; CBZ = carbamazepine; G_s = Gi-G proteins mediating stimulation or inhibition of adenylate cyclase; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPKK = mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; PKA = protein kinase A; PLC_ß = phospholipase C ß isozyme; R_q = receptors coupled to G protein G_q; R_s = R_i receptors coupled to stimulation or inhibition of AC; RSK = ribosomal S6 kinase; TrK = receptor tyrosine kinase; VPA = valproate.

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