Fig. 4. Times courses of plasma levels of cytokines and cytokine receptors after endotoxin (0.4 ng/kg) or placebo injection during the initial slow wave sleep episode or the same time in sleep-deprived subjects (N = 10). Depicted are means ± SEMs. Left panels, times courses after injection of endotoxin ( •) compared with placebo (
in sleeping subjects. Repeated measure analyses revealed significant group (endotoxin vs. placebo) or time by group effects for all cytokine and cytokine receptor plasma levels. Middle panels, time courses after injection of endotoxin (
) compared with placebo (
) in sleep-deprived subjects. Repeated measure analyses revealed significant group (endotoxin vs. placebo) or time by group effects for all cytokine and cytokine receptor plasma levels. Right panels, time courses of difference values (endotoxin minus placebo) in sleeping subjects (
) compared with sleep-deprived subjects (
). Repeated measure analyses revealed no significant group (sleep vs. sleep deprivation) or group by time effects for any parameter tested. * p < .05 for time point differences (simple contrasts).
