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Figure 2. Cortisol measures averaged over weekend and weekdays, respectively. Bars indicate standard errors. (a) Means for female (N = 117) and male participants (N = 102), averaged over week segment. (b) Mean cortisol levels in the first hour after awakening for 3 awakening time difference groups: Low difference (N = 72), average difference (N = 73), and high difference (N = 74). (c) Cortisol courses after awakening for 3 sleep duration groups: Low difference (N = 72), average difference (N = 73), and high difference (N = 74). (d) Cortisol courses after awakening on weekend vs. weekdays (N = 219); effect is controlled for sex, time of awakening, and sleep duration (see text for details).
